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Thursday, May 3, 2012

History Of Islamic Times / Islamic Territories

History Of Islamic Times


c. 570 CEBirth of Muhammad.
c. 610 CEMuhammad receives first vision in a cave near Mecca.
c. 610-22 CEMuhammad preaches in Mecca.
622 CEHijira - Muhammad and followers flee to Medina.
Islamic calendar (AH, Anno Hegirae) begins.
624 CEMuslims successfully attack Meccan caravans at Badr.
625Muslims are defeated by Meccans at Uhud.
630Muslims capture Mecca. Ka'ba is cleansed, pilgrimage rites are Islamicized, tribes of Arabia vow allegiance to Muhammad
632Death of Muhammad. Abu Bakr chosen as caliph.
632-33Wars of ridda (apostasy) restore allegiance to Islam
633Muslim conquests (Futuhat) begin.
633-42Muslim armies take the Fertile Crescent (Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia), North African coast, parts of Persian and Byzantine Empires
c. 650Caliph Uthman has the Qur'an written down.
656Uthman is murdered; Ali becomes fourth caliph.
657Battle of Siffin. Mu'awiya, governor of Syria, claims the caliphate.
659Arbitration at Adruh is opposed by Ali's supporters.
661Ali is murdered; Mu'awiya becomes caliph. Beginning of Umayyad Caliphate (661-750).
680Death of Husayn marks beginning of the Shi'at Ali ("party of Ali") or Shi'a sect.
685-705Reign of Abd al-Malik. Centralization of administration - Arabic becomes official written language (instead of Greek and Persian) and Arab coinage is established.
late 600sRuling classes in East and West Africa convert to Islam.
700-800sGroups of ascetics and mystics begin to form
710Arab armies enter Spain from North Africa.
732Muslim empire reaches its furthes extent. Battle of Tours prevents further advance northwards.
747Revolt defeats the Umayyads.
750Abu l'Abbas becomes caliph in Iraq
754Baghdad (Madinat al-Salam, "city of peace") becomes the new capital of the Abbasid empire.
755Abd ar-Rahman founds an Umayyad Dynasty in Cordoba, Spain.
765Division within Shi'ites - majority are the modern Imamiyya (Twelvers) who co-exist with Abbasid caliphs; minority are more extreme Isma'iliyaa (Seveners).
786-809Reign of Harun ar-Rashid, best known through the stories of The Thousand and One Nights.
800sWritten collections of Hadith (sayings of the Prophet) are compiled. Sicily comes under Muslim rule.
813-33Reign of Ma'mun. Theological controversy over whether the Qur'an is created or uncreated and eternal. Center for translation of texts from Greek to Arabic founded in Baghdad.
869-883Uprisings of black slaves (Zanj) are eventually defeated.
908First Fatimid caliph in Tunisia.
928Umayyad Abd ar-Rahman III declares himself caliph in Cordoba.
940Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth imam, disappears. Twelvers still await the future return of the "Hidden Imam."
945The Buyids (Persian) invade Baghdad and take power from caliph.
969Fatimids gain power in Egypt and attack Palestine, Syria, and Arabia. Cairo (Al-Qahira, "the victorious city") is founded.
980-1037Life of Avicenna, Iranian physician and Aristotelian philosopher.
996-1021Reign of Fatimid al-Hakim. Hamza ibn Ali forms basis of esoteric Druze religion.
late 900sWest Africa begins to convert to Islam
1030Umayyad caliphate in Cordoba defeated by the Christian Reconquista.
1055Seljuk Turks take Baghdad; Abbasids now only nominal rulers.
1000sReconquista takes more of Spain, Sicily falls to the Normans, Crusader kingdoms are briefly established in Palestine and Syria.
1071Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantines at Battle of Manzikert.
1090Hasan-i Sabbah takes Alamut in the Persian mountains, the Assassin sect forms around him.
1099Christian Crusaders take Jerusalem.
1100-1200sSufi orders (turuq) are founded.
1126-98Life of Averroës, Muslim philosopher from Cordoba who sought to integrate Islam with Greek thought.
1171Fatimid power ends in Egypt with the conquests of Saladin.
1174Saladin declares himself sultan of Egypt and Syria.
1193Death of Saladin; most of Crusader states have returned to Islam.
1200sAssassins wipes out by the Mongols. Indian rulers in Delhi take title of Sultan. Spanish mystic Muhyi al-Din ibn al-Arabi (1165-1240) flourishes.
1221Genghis Khan and the Mongols enter Persia.
1241Mongols take the Punjab.
1258Mongols capture Baghdad; city is sacked and caliph is killed. End of Abbasid caliphate.
1281-1324Reign of Uthman (Osman), who founds the Ottoman Empire. Muslim merchants and missionary Sufis settle in SE Asia.
mid-1300sOttomans capture Bursa and Iznik and move into Europe.
1366Capital of Ottoman Empire moved from Bursa to Adrianople.
late 1300sOttomans take control of the Balkans.
1400sIslam reaches the Philippines.
1453Mehmet Fatih (rules 1451-81) conquers Constantinople. The two halves of the Ottoman Empire are united and the sultan becomes Byzantine emperor.
1492Castile and Aragon capture Granada. All Muslims (and Jews) expelled from Spain.
1501Isma'il (1487-1524) claims to be the Hidden Imam and is proclaimed Shah (king) of Persia. Twelver Shi'ism becomes official religion of Persia.
1516Ottomans conquer Syria and Egypt.
1517Ottomans control Mecca and Medina.
1520-66Reign of Suleyman the Magnificent; Ottoman Empire reaches its zenith. Hungary and coastlands of Algeria and Tunisia come under Ottoman rule.
1526Babur (Mongolian) seizes the Delhi sultanate and takes control of northern India.
1556Akbar founds the Mughal dynasty in northern India.
1600-1700sVenetians, Habsburgs, and Russians divide European Ottoman lands between them.
1625Java comes under rule of Muslim kingdom of Mataram.
1699Treaty of Karlowitz confirms first substantial losses of Ottoman Empire in Europe.
1700sMuhammad Abd al-Wahhab rejects Sufism and all innovation (bid'a). Founds what becomes the Saudi Arabian kingdom. Hindus regain power from Mughals in northern India.
1738Mughal empire invaded by the Afghans.
1779Afghans ousted by Qajar dynasty, which rules Persia until 1925.
1798Napoleon's expedition to Egypt.
1805Muhammad Ali becomes governor of Egypt, which becomes independent of the Ottomans, gains control of western Arabia and extends into the Sudan.
1807-76Tanzimat period. Ottoman Empire undergoes extensive program of modernization in government, law, and medicine.
1830Greece regains independence from Ottomans.
1850sNon-Muslim Ottoman citizens granted equality with Muslims.
1858Last Mughal in India is deposed and India comes under British rule.
1876-1908Reign of Abd al-Hamid II; autocratic and religiously conservative period in Ottoman rule.
1878Congress of Berlin recognizes independence of Balkan states previously under Muslim rule.
1882-1952Egypt occupied by the British.
1908-18Last decade of Ottoman rule. Rise of nationalistic "Young Turks." More liberal policies develop.
1912Founding of Islamic Union (Sareket Islam), a modernizing movement in SE Asia.
1918Fall of Ottoman Empire. League of Nations grants Britain mandatory status over Palestine and Iraq, and France over Lebanon and Syria.
1923Republic of Turkey established. Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) is first president.
1927Tablighi Jamaat reform movement founded in India.
1928Ikhwan al-Muslimun (Muslim Brothers) founded in Egypt.
1941Jamaat-i Islami reform movement founded in Lahore, India.
1945Indonesia becomes independent republic.
1945-60sIslam spreads to the West with mass migrations from Asia, Africa, and India.
1947Pakistan founded as an Islamic nation. Islam becomes a minority religion in India.
1957Independent Malayan state established with Islam as the official religion but guaranteed tolerance.
1960sFamiles from SE Asia and North Africa emigrate to Europe and the Americas.
1979Shah of Iran is overthrown by Ayatullah Ruhullah Khumayni, who establishes strict fundamentalist rule of Shi'a principles.
late 1990sTaliban come to power in Afghanistan.
2001Muslim extremists attack the United States.
2003Saddam Hussein ousted by Western forces.
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